Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a caracterização morfológica de frutos de morango de diferentes genótipos, assim como verificar sua conservação pós-colheita. Seis cultivares comerciais (Albion, Aromas, Dover, Festival, Pircinque e San Andreas) e nove clones experimentais (MDA01, MDA19, MDA22, MDA23, MCA89, MCA94, MFA443, MOGSC468 e MFA443PR) foram avaliados. Os frutos foram produzidos em bancadas semi-hidropônicas, em cultivo protegido, e classificados quanto a tamanho, formato, coloração, brilho, posição do aquênio, coloração da polpa, coloração do “coração”, cavidade do fruto e posição das sépalas. Para a análise de póscolheita dos frutos, foram determinadas a perda de massa e a aparência dos frutos durante dez dias de armazenamento. Os genótipos avaliados apresentam alta similaridade entre si quanto à caracterização morfológica. MCA89 e 'Pircinque' são os genótipos mais divergentes em relação aos demais. Há uma associação entre as características cavidade grande, formato reniforme e cavidade média, o que contribui para a seleção indireta dos caracteres desejáveis. No décimo dia de armazenamento, os genótipos MDA01, MDA19, MCA89, MFA443 e 'Dover' ainda apresentam condições aceitáveis para comercialização.

Abstract The objective of this work was to carry out the morphological characterization of strawberry fruit of different genotypes, as well as to verify their postharvest conservation. Six commercial cultivars (Albion, Aromas, Dover, Festival, Pircinque, and San Andreas) and nine experimental clones (MDA01, MDA19, MDA22, MDA23, MCA89, MCA94, MFA443, MOGSC468, and MFA443PR) were evaluated. Fruit were produced on semi-hydroponic gutters in protected cultivation and classified according to size, shape, color, brightness, achene position, pulp color, “heart” color, fruit cavity, and sepal position. For the postharvest analysis of fruit, the loss of mass and the appearance of fruit during ten days of storage were determined. The evaluated genotypes show a high similarity to each other regarding morphological characterization. MCA89 and 'Pircinque' are the most divergent genotypes in relation to the others. There is an association between the characteristics large cavity, reniform shape, and medium cavity, which contributes to the indirect selection of desirable characters. On the tenth day of storage, the MDA01, MDA19, MCA89, MFA443, and 'Dover' genotypes still show acceptable conditions for commercialization.

ABSTRACT Considering that the beneficial effects of silicon on human health and it´s accumulation in plants are little explored, studies of mineral nutrition in non-conventional vegetables are extremely relevant. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify non-conventional vegetables responsive to silica fertilization and evaluate the effect of fertilization on the content and accumulation of Si and macronutrients in these plants. The experiment followed a 4 x 5 factorial design, with four species of non-conventional vegetables (Rumex acetosa L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Sonchus oleraceus L. and Stachys byzantina) and five doses of Si (0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg dm-3). The relative chlorophyll index, the fresh and dry matter masses, the content and accumulation of Si and macronutrients were evaluated. The species A. retroflexus, S. oleraceus. and S. byzantina showed the highest contents and accumulation of Si. The application of doses above 100 mg dm-3 promoted the highest silicon content estimated for the species. The species A. retroflexus, R. acetosa and S. byzantina are non-silicon accumulators, whereas S. oleraceus is intermediate.

ABSTRACT Arrowroot is a plant originated in Latin America that has aroused interest in the food industry due to its high starch content, with differentiated characteristics and high commercial value. However, information on the management of arrowroot are scarce, precluding its commercial competition with other similar species, being necessary further studies with the crop. Thus, the objective of the present study was to characterize extracted starch from arrowroot grown under different agronomic management. Three agronomic factors were studied: planting systems (PS), forms of water management (WM) and planting density (PD). The experimental analyses were performed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates, being evaluated the extraction yield, percent composition, quantity of starch, pH, titratable acidity, swelling power, solubility and electron microscopy analysis. In general, the analyzed extracted starches deriving from different agronomic treatments have low crude fiber, besides typical characteristics of arrowroot extracted starch such as texture, color, shape and size of granules, without any other apparent particle than the starch itself, indicating extraction efficiency. However, the planting density may have contributed to influence some parameters of the chemical composition of the extracted starch, such as the content of starch, ash, ether extract, protein and carbohydrate fraction.

Abstract In the present paper, an adjustment of the heat inputs corresponding to the cooling times of interest “t12/8” and “t8/5” in the HAZ of the GMAW of a duplex stainless steel 2205, of 10 mm thickness, using finite element simulation is made. For simulation, a welding modeling methodology previously developed was used, and it was enriched with the incorporation of a correction factor of the heat transferred to the finite elements by which the heat source passes. The methodology, using a code in APDL language, was initially validated through the comparison with experimental results of thermal cycles. In the paper is also demonstrated that the results of the relation of the heat input and cooling time variables are more accurate when using the Rykalin 2D theoretical model with the average properties of the steel in the range from room to solid temperature, than those obtained when the properties are replaced at room temperature.

Resumen En el presente artículo se realiza un ajuste de los calores de entrada que se corresponden con los tiempos de enfriamiento “t12/8” y “t 8/5” de interés, en la ZAT de la soldadura GMAW de una chapa de acero inoxidable dúplex 2205, de 10 mm de espesor, empleando la simulación por elementos finitos. Para la modelación de la soldadura se empleó una metodología desarrollada previamente, la cual se enriqueció con la incorporación de un factor de corrección del calor aportado, a los elementos finitos por los que pasa la fuente de calor. La metodología, implementada a través de un código en lenguaje APDL, fue validada inicialmente a través de la comparación con resultados de ciclos térmicos experimentales. En el trabajo además se demuestra que, cuando se utiliza el modelo teórico de Rykalin 2D, son más precisos los resultados que relacionan las variables calor de entrada - tiempo de enfriamiento, empleando las propiedades promedio del acero en el rango de temperatura desde la ambiente hasta la de sólido, que los que se obtienen cuando se sustituyen las propiedades a temperatura ambiente.

A araruta é considerada uma hortaliça não convencional que vem despertando interesse da indústria alimentícia em virtude de seu amido, com características diferenciadas e elevado valor comercial. Contudo, são escassas as informações quanto ao manejo, dificultando sua competição comercial com outras espécies de finalidade semelhante, sendo necessários mais estudos com a cultura. Diante disso, objetivou-se definir práticas adequadas de manejo da cultura visando produtividade de rizomas, rendimento de fécula e amido de araruta. Os fatores avaliados foram diferentes níveis de manejo de água, sistema de plantio e de densidades de plantas. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados no ensaio de campo e inteiramente casualizados para as análises laboratoriais. Mediante os tratamentos, a produtividade da cultura variou de 0,68 (mudas; sem irrigação; 31250 plantas ha-1) a 60,09 t ha-1(mudas; irrigado; 31250 plantas ha-1), enquanto que a produção de amido foi de 50 a 6.350 kg ha-1. A maior produtividade de rizomas foi obtida em plantas produzidas por mudas juntamente com a maior densidade de plantas, e a maior produção de fécula e amido de araruta foi extraída de rizomas oriundos de plantas produzidas por mudas, sem uso de irrigação e densidade de 50.000 plantas ha-1.

The arrowroot is considered a non-conventional vegetable which has aroused interest in the food industry because of its starch content with differentiated characteristics and high commercial value. However, agronomic management information is scarce, making it difficult to compete with other species of similar purpose, and more studies are needed regarding the crop. The aim of this study was to define adequate agronomic practices in crop aiming the productivity the rhizome, yield the starch of arrowroot. The factors evaluated were the different levels of irrigation, the planting and the plant densities. The randomized block design was used in the field trial while the totally randomized block design was used in the laboratory tests. Through the treatments, crop yield ranged from 0.68 (seedlings; without irrigation; 31250 plants ha-1) to 60.09 t ha-1 (seedlings; irrigated; 31250 plants ha-1), while starch production ranged from 50 to 6350 kg ha-1. The highest yield of rhizomes was obtained in plants produced by seedlings along with the highest density of plants, and the highest production of arrowroot starch was extracted from rhizomes from plants produced by seedlings without irrigation and a density of 50000 plants ha-1.

Las condiciones para el establecimiento de las plantas (agua, luz, nutrientes, etc.) en los fragmentos preservados se diferencian de las encontradas en áreas perturbadas. En ambientes secos, la cubierta herbácea predomina en la recolonización de áreas despejadas y puede actuar como un buen grupo biológico para evaluar los impactos de los cambios de la heterogeneidad de hábitats en el proceso de resiliencia de los bosques secos. Ante de esto, el objetivo fue evaluar si la regeneración natural de la capa herbácea difería entre áreas preservadas y áreas de Caatinga perturbadas y describir cómo ocurre esto. El estudio se realizó en la región semiárida brasileña durante la temporada de lluvias, donde 50 parcelas de 1m² fueron establecidas, 25 de las cuales se ubicaron en el microhábitat llamado “entre dosel” y 25 en “bajo dosel”. Las especies herbáceas seleccionadas para el estudio fueron: Delilia biflora (Asteraceae), Gomphrena vaga (Amaranthaceae) y Pseudabutilon spicatum (Malvaceae), especies abundantes que se producen en ambas áreas. Todos los individuos de las poblaciones seleccionadas se contaron, marcando con números secuenciales, y se midió la altura del tallo. Las diferencias entre las zonas, y el tamaño y supervivencia entre microhábitats, se encontraron solo para las dos primeras especies. La producción de frutos fue mayor en el bosque maduro para las tres especies. El estudio llega a la conclusión de que: 1. el efecto de la existencia de microhabitates “entre dosel” y “bajo dosel” en áreas preservadas y antropogénicas depende de la especie considerada; 2. las poblaciones sensibles a la variación de la intensidad luminosa presentan diferencias en cuanto al número de individuos, la altura y la producción de frutos de las plantas; 3. la resiliencia de las zonas antropogénicas de ambientes semiáridos se puede caracterizar por la existencia de heterogeneidad espacial en cuanto a la emergencia y supervivencia de plántulas herbáceas, lo que sugiere que la regeneración de áreas perturbadas puede ocurrir en parches.

The conditions for plant establishment in mature forest are different from those found in disturbed areas. In dry environments, the herbaceous cover is the most important in the recolonization of deforested areas. It can, therefore, act as an ideal biological group for assessing how changes in habitat heterogeneity affect the resilience of dry forests. The aim of this research was to evaluate whether natural regeneration of the herbaceous stratum differed between areas of mature and secondary forest of Caatinga and to describe this process. The study took place in the Brazilian semiarid region during the rainy season 2011 (January to August), where fifty 1m² plots were set up, 25 allocated to the microhabitat established as “between canopies” and 25 to the microhabitat “under the canopy”. The herbaceous species selected for the study were Delilia biflora (Asteraceae), Gomphrena vaga (Amaranthaceae) and Pseudabutilon spicatum (Malvaceae), abundant species occurring in both areas. All individuals from the selected populations were counted, marked with sequential numbers, and the height of the stem was measured. Differences between areas, and in size and survival between microhabitats, were found only for the first two species. Fruit production was higher in the mature forest for the three species. The study concluded that: 1. The effect of the microhabitats “between canopies” and “under the canopy” in mature and secondary forest areas depends on the species considered; 2. Populations sensitive to light intensity differ in number of individuals, height and fruit production; and 3. The resilience of anthropogenic areas in semiarid environments can be characterized by the presence of spatial heterogeneity with regard to the emergence and survival of herbaceous seedlings, suggesting that the regeneration of disturbed areas may occur in patches. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (2): 357-368. Epub 2015 June 01.

A alimentação de peixes e os padrões ecomorfológicos estão relacionados com vários fatores como ontogenia. O presente trabalho foi realizado a fim de testar a hipótese de que a dieta e os padrões ecomorfológicos apresentam correlações positivas entre os diferentes estágios de ontogenia de Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840), pois à medida que a espécie passa da fase jovem para adulta altera a sua alimentação e morfologia. A pescada foi escolhida por ser a espécie mais abundante no reservatório da Estação Ecológica de Tapacurá, Estado de Pernambuco. Os padrões ecomorfológicos foram avaliados e relacionados com a alimentação dos indivíduos capturados no reservatório no mês de abril de 2013. As medidas morfométricas foram retiradas de todos os indivíduos capturados e posteriormente recolhidos seus estômagos. Os peixes foram separados de acordo com a fase de desenvolvimento, juvenis e adultos. Também foram tomados seu peso total, comprimento padrão e aferidas onze medidas lineares, utilizadas para obter os índices que representam os atributos ecomorfológicos. Os itens alimentares foram identificados e separados até menor nível taxonômico possível, sendo o mais frequente o camarão Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862). Foi possível observar que nos juvenis os itens ingeridos apresentavam maior amplitude no tamanho em comparação com os adultos. Dos dados morfométricos observa-se que os valores de largura da cabeça são maiores nos juvenis e os valores da altura do corpo são mais elevados nos adultos, sendo estes fatores importantes para determinar o tamanho da presa ingerida pelo peixe. Conclui-se que a espécie Plagioscion squamosissimus mostrou relação positiva entre a morfologia e alimentação ao longo do desenvolvimento ontogenético evidenciado pela variação de comprimento dos itens ingeridos entre juvenis e adultos, porém não houve distinção em relação ao alimento ingerido entre eles.

The fish feeding and the ecomorphological patterns are related to several factors such as ontogeny. The present report was realized to test the hypothesis that the diet and the ecomorphological patterns present positive correlations between the different ontogeny stages of Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) because as the species pass the young to adult phase to alter their diet and morphology. The croaker was chosen because is the more abundant specie in reservoir of Tapacurá Ecologic Station, state of Pernambuco. The ecomorphological patterns were valued and related with the feeding of individuals captured in a reservoir in April 2013. The morphometric measures were taken of all captured individuals and after were collected their stomachs. Fish were separated according to development stage, in juveniles and adults. Also total weight and their standard length were measured and eleven linear measurements were taken, used to obtain the indices that represent ecomorphological attributes. The food items were identified and separated until the smaller taxonomic level, been the most abundant the shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862). It was observed that in the juveniles the items ingest presented wide amplitude size than adults. Through morphometric data it was observed that the head width values are bigger in juveniles and the body weight values are bigger in adults, being this important factors to determine the prey size ingested by the fish. It is concluded that the specie Plagioscion squamosissimus showed the relationship positive between morphology and feeding along the ontogenetic development evidenced by the variation in length of the ingest items between juveniles and adults, but there was no distinction in relation to ingest food between them.